copal

Copal is a natural resin produced by tropical trees in the Burseraceae family, particularly species of Protium and Bursera. It forms when the tree exudes resin to seal wounds or defend itself, and the resin gradually hardens and darkens over time. In gemology and paleontology, copal is described as immature or partially polymerized resin that is younger than amber.

Copal differs from amber mainly in age and degree of polymerization. It is generally softer and more soluble than amber, retaining more of its original volatile components. Depending on the specimen, copal can range in color from pale yellow to honey or reddish brown and is often translucent. It may contain air bubbles, plant inclusions, or other impurities.

Uses of copal are varied. Historically it has been burned as incense and used in religious or ceremonial contexts, and it is also employed in perfumery. In industrial and artisanal crafts, copal serves as a varnish or lacquer and is valued in jewelry making for beads, cabochons, and decorative carvings.

Geographically, traditional sources of copal include Central America and parts of South America, with notable production in Mexico, Colombia, and the Dominican Republic. Copal is also produced in some African and Southeast Asian regions. In addition to its commercial uses, copal resins have been found in archaeological contexts, where they were used to create beads and small objects and traded across cultures.

Care and handling notes: copal is softer than amber and can soften with heat or solvents, so it is typically polished and cut with gentle techniques. Similar-looking resins may be mislabeled, so provenance and rough dating can be important for collectors and researchers.