cellulosefibers

Cellulose fibers are fibers composed of cellulose, the natural polymer that constitutes the primary framework of plant cell walls. They can occur as natural fibers obtained directly from plants or as regenerated fibers produced by dissolving cellulose and reforming it as fibers. Natural cellulose fibers include cotton, flax, jute, hemp, and ramie; regenerated cellulose fibers include viscose (rayon), lyocell, and modal, among others.

Structure and properties: Cellulose is a linear polymer with high crystallinity and extensive hydrogen bonding, giving good tensile strength and stiffness for a given weight. The fibers are generally lightweight, have high moisture absorption, and dye readily. Their performance differs by type: cotton is strong and soft but weaker when wet; flax is stiff; regenerated fibers offer different feel and strength characteristics.

Processing: Natural fibers are extracted from plants by retting, decortication, and cleaning. Regenerated cellulose fibers are made by dissolving cellulose from wood pulp or cotton linters and regenerating it into a fibrous form; viscose uses carbon disulfide-based processes with environmental concerns, while lyocell uses a closed-loop NMMO process with potentially lower emissions.

Applications and environmental considerations: Cellulose fibers are widely used in textiles (clothing, upholstery), paper and packaging, reinforced polymers, filters, and medical materials. They are renewable and biodegradable, contributing to relatively low environmental impact when produced responsibly, but processing methods, solvent use, and pretreatments affect sustainability. They can absorb moisture, are flammable, and may require finishing to improve wet strength, abrasion resistance, or moisture management.