calandras

Calandras are small ground-dwelling passerine birds in the genus Calandrella, within the family Alaudidae. The term is used for several species commonly referred to as calandras or larks, and it is especially common in European and Asian field guides. The genus includes multiple species, among them the widely known Calandra Lark (Calandrella calandra).

Physical characteristics: Calandras measure about 12 to 14 centimeters in length. They have brown upperparts with fine streaking, pale underparts, and a short pointed bill. Their plumage provides camouflage in grassland and scrub habitats, and they have relatively short wings and tails suited to ground-foraging and short flights.

Habitat and range: Calandras inhabit open grasslands, steppe, semi-deserts, and cultivated fields across Europe, Central Asia, the Middle East, and parts of Africa. Some species are migratory, moving to warmer regions during the winter, while others are resident year-round.

Behavior and diet: They forage primarily on the ground for seeds and small insects. Songs and calls are a key part of territorial and mating behavior; males sing from exposed perches or while displaying on the ground during the breeding season.

Breeding: Nests are usually shallow cups placed on or near the ground among vegetation. Clutch size typically ranges from 3 to 5 eggs, and both parents participate in incubation and feeding of the young.

Conservation: Population trends vary by species and region. Habitat loss, agricultural practices, and climate factors affect local numbers in some areas, but several calandra species are categorized as Least Concern by major conservation organizations, with threatened subspecies in some ranges.