bouldering

Bouldering is a form of rock climbing performed on short rock formations or indoor walls without ropes or harnesses. Climbs, called problems, emphasize power, technique, and problem-solving rather than endurance. Problems are typically completed at heights of about four to five meters (roughly 13 to 16 feet), with safety provided by crash pads and a spotter to guide falls.

Equipment commonly includes climbing shoes, chalk, and crash pads. Indoor bouldering gyms use padded mats and a variety of routes; outdoor bouldering relies on natural boulders with protective ground pads. Safety practice centers on spotting, controlled falling, warm-ups, and gradual progression.

Problems are graded to indicate difficulty, using scales such as the Fontainebleau grades (French system) and the V-scale (US). Success depends on body position, finger strength, balance, and precise footwork. The terms beta (information on how to solve a problem) and crux (the most difficult move) are widely used.

Originating in Fontainebleau, France in the early 20th century, bouldering developed into a distinct discipline. In the United States, John Gill helped popularize modern bouldering in the mid-20th century, influencing the growth of dedicated gyms and outdoor routes worldwide. Today it features in international competition, including the IFSC Bouldering World Cup, and sport climbing was added to the Olympic program in 2020.