blinden

Blinden is a term used in several Germanic languages to refer to people who are blind or have severe visual impairment. In English, the phrase the blind is commonly used. The term can describe a group or an individual with little or no functional sight. Blindness is distinct from low vision, which denotes substantial visual impairment that may be partially compensated by corrective devices.

Causes of blindness include congenital conditions present at birth and acquired diseases or injuries later in life. Global blindness results from a range of factors such as cataracts, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, infections, and trauma. Access to eye care, preventive measures, and timely treatment influence prevalence across regions.

Living with blindness often relies on assistive technologies and training. Common tools include white canes for orientation, guide dogs, and Braille literacy for reading and writing. For digital access, screen-reading software and refreshable Braille displays enable computer use. Environments with high-contrast signage, tactile paving, and audible signals support independent navigation. Education and employment for blind people are supported by disability-rights laws, inclusive practices, and accommodations that reduce barriers.

Braille, a tactile writing system for reading and writing, was developed by Louis Braille in the 19th century and remains a central literacy medium for many blind individuals. Advocacy organizations promote equality, accessibility standards, rehabilitation services, and ongoing technology development to improve independence and participation.

See also: blindness, disability rights, assistive technology, braille.