bipolariteit

Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition characterized by significant shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, concentration, and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks. These shifts are more extreme than the normal ups and downs that everyone experiences. The disorder involves distinct periods of elevated or irritable mood, known as manic or hypomanic episodes, and periods of depressed mood.

A manic episode is defined by a period of at least one week where an individual experiences an abnormally elevated, expansive, or irritable mood, and persistently increased goal-directed activity or energy. During a manic episode, people may feel unusually euphoric, highly energetic, and may engage in impulsive behaviors. They might also experience decreased need for sleep, racing thoughts, and distractibility. In severe cases, mania can include psychotic symptoms like hallucinations or delusions.

A hypomanic episode shares many of the same symptoms as mania but is less severe and does not cause significant impairment in social or occupational functioning, nor does it require hospitalization. Hypomania typically lasts for at least four consecutive days.

Depressive episodes involve a period of at least two weeks of depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities. Symptoms of depression can include persistent sadness, fatigue, changes in appetite or sleep, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, and difficulty concentrating or making decisions. Suicidal thoughts or behaviors can also occur during depressive episodes.

The exact causes of bipolar disorder are not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and brain structure and chemistry factors. It is a chronic condition that requires long-term management, often involving medication, psychotherapy, and lifestyle adjustments. With proper treatment and support, individuals with bipolar disorder can lead fulfilling lives.