bibhatsa

Bibhatsa, often transliterated as Vibhatsa, is a term in Indian aesthetics that denotes the rasa of disgust or revulsion. It is one of the navarasa, the nine primary rasas described in the classical dramaturgical treatise Natya Shastra attributed to Bharata Muni. Bibhatsa expresses aversion to objects or acts judged repugnant, such as disease, decay, deformity, or morally objectionable behavior. The rasa signals a negative response intended to provoke moral contemplation and critical distance rather than simple sympathy or pleasure.

In performance, bibhatsa is conveyed through body and facial expressions—features such as a wrinkled nose, curled lip, tightened jaw, or other gestures accompanying a harsh or rasping voice. The context of the scene, costume, and lighting can intensify the effect. The rasa often appears in contrast to other rasas to create variety and moral commentary.

In classical and modern dramaturgy, bibhatsa is used for depicting grotesque or monstrous figures, corrupt acts, or scenes of decay. It remains a subject of scholarly study in the analysis of rasa theory, as it helps define cultural norms regarding cleanliness, morality, and aesthetics of ugliness. In contemporary theatre and cinema, bibhatsa continues to be employed to evoke revulsion and to critique social or ethical issues.