basinmodeling

Basin modeling is a geoscience methodology used to simulate the evolution of sedimentary basins through time. It integrates geological, geochemical, and thermal processes to reconstruct burial histories, heat flow, maturation of organic matter, and migration of hydrocarbons within petroleum systems. The technique is applied to assess hydrocarbon prospectivity, guide exploration, and inform field development by predicting where oil and gas are generated, expelled, and trapped.

Models use inputs such as stratigraphic columns from wells, seismic data, lithology and porosity, sedimentation and subsidence histories, thermal properties, and heat flow evolution. They can operate in one, two, or three dimensions, representing vertical sequences, cross-sections, or volumes. Key processes included in basin models are sediment deposition and compaction, diagenesis, geochemical maturation of kerogen, hydrocarbon generation and expulsion, fluid migration, and the formation or degradation of seals. Maturity indicators such as vitrinite reflectance, Tmax, and pyrolysis data are used to calibrate and validate the simulations.

Outputs from basin modeling typically include thermal maturation histories, hydrocarbon generation and expulsion curves, timing of migration pathways, and the evolution of effective seals. These results support assessments of trap integrity, timing of petroleum accumulations, and overall resource potential, often used in decision-making for exploration portfolios, well targeting, and development planning. Basin modeling can also be applied to related problems such as geothermal resource assessment, groundwater flow, and CO2 storage.

Limitations include uncertainties in input data, non-uniqueness of solutions, and the sensitivity of results to assumed tectonic and thermal histories. Model calibration with independent maturity measurements and careful scenario testing are essential to produce robust interpretations.