autoklaavit

Autoklaavit, commonly called autoclaves in English, are pressure vessels used to sterilize equipment, instruments and other materials by exposing them to saturated steam under high temperature and pressure. They are widely employed in medical, dental, laboratory and industrial settings to achieve rapid, reliable sterilization and decontamination.

Operation relies on moist heat to denature proteins and destroy microorganisms. A typical cycle involves loading items, sealing the chamber, and bringing it to a high temperature with saturated steam. Common targets are 121°C (250°F) at about 15 psi for 15 to 20 minutes, or 134°C (274°F) at around 22 psi for shorter periods. After completion, steam is vented and the chamber is dried. Some autoklaavit use a vacuum step to remove air and improve penetration, especially for wrapped loads.

Types vary by air removal method and size. Gravity-displacement autoclaves vent steam and rely on gravity to displace air, while vacuum or pre-vacuum models actively remove air before introducing steam. Smaller, table-top units serve individual laboratories or clinics, whereas industrial autoclaves are large and used for medical waste treatment, polymer processing, or other high-volume applications.

Validation and quality control are essential. Sterilization effectiveness is confirmed with biological indicators (spore tests) and chemical indicators, with periodic calibration and documentation. Tests such as the Bowie-Dick routine assess air removal and steam penetration in pre-vacuum systems.

Safety and maintenance emphasize proper training, interlocks that prevent opening under pressure, and routine upkeep of gaskets, valves and water quality. Regular cleaning and validation help ensure consistent performance and minimize the risk of cross-contamination.