astronomers

Astronomers are scientists who study celestial objects and phenomena beyond Earth's atmosphere. They seek to understand the origins, evolution, and properties of the universe by combining observations with theoretical modeling. Their work encompasses stars, planets, galaxies, black holes, dark matter and energy, and cosmic history from the early universe to the present day.

Observational astronomy relies on telescopes and instruments that collect electromagnetic radiation across the spectrum, from radio to gamma rays. Space-based observatories and ground-based facilities, often in large collaborations, gather data used in imaging, spectroscopy and time-domain surveys. Theoretical astronomy and computational astrophysics develop models and simulations to interpret observations and predict phenomena.

Most astronomers hold advanced degrees in astronomy or physics, with PhD-level research common. Early training covers mathematics, physics, and computer skills, followed by mentored research. Careers are typically in universities, government or private research institutes, or space agencies, combining research, teaching, and public outreach.

Subfields include observational and theoretical astronomy, cosmology, planetary science, stellar and galactic astronomy, astrochemistry, astrobiology, and radio, infrared, optical, and high-energy astronomy. Collaboration and data sharing are central; large surveys and missions drive much of the field.

Professional organizations such as the International Astronomical Union and national societies coordinate standards, publish journals, and host conferences. Notable developments have transformed our understanding of the universe, from the Copernican revolution to the expanding universe and the detection of gravitational waves.