arthroplasties

Arthroplasties are surgical procedures that replace or reconstruct a damaged joint to relieve pain, restore mobility and function, and correct deformity. The term encompasses total arthroplasty, partial (hemi) arthroplasty, and joint resurfacing. They are commonly performed for the hip and knee, but may involve the shoulder, elbow, ankle, and less often other joints.

Indications include end-stage osteoarthritis, inflammatory arthritis, traumatic joint destruction, avascular necrosis, and failures of prior conservative or minimally invasive treatments. Patients typically present with chronic pain, reduced range of motion, and impaired daily activities.

Procedures involve implanting prosthetic components fashioned from metal, ceramic, and polyethylene, and may be cemented or cementless to secure fixation. Hip arthroplasty typically uses a femoral component and an acetabular cup; knee arthroplasty replaces the femoral, tibial, and occasionally patellar surfaces. The goal is to restore joint alignment, stability, and function while relieving pain.

Outcomes usually include significant pain relief and improved joint motion, but longevity varies and may require revision surgery after many years. Risks include infection, thromboembolism, dislocation (especially in the hip), loosening or wear of components, periprosthetic fracture, and nerve or vessel injury.

Recovery involves a hospital stay, wound healing, and structured rehabilitation with gradual weight bearing and physical therapy over weeks to months. The modern procedure traces its development to mid-20th century pioneers such as Sir John Charnley, with ongoing advances in materials, fixation, and imaging.