apigenin

Apigenin is a naturally occurring flavone, a subclass of flavonoids. Its chemical name is 4',5,7-trihydroxyflavone and its molecular formula is C15H10O5.

It occurs in a wide range of plants, notably parsley and celery, as well as chamomile flowers, onions, citrus fruits, and tea. In the diet, apigenin contributes to the flavonoid content of these foods; typical dietary intake is relatively low.

In laboratory and animal studies, apigenin shows anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cytostatic properties. It has been investigated for potential anti-cancer effects, including inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and anti-angiogenic activity, with effects observed in various tumor models. It may modulate signaling pathways such as NF-κB, MAPK, and PI3K/Akt.

Pharmacokinetics: apigenin has relatively low water solubility and poor oral bioavailability due to limited absorption and rapid first-pass metabolism. It is extensively conjugated to glucuronide and sulfate metabolites and excreted in urine and bile. Formulation strategies, such as complexation or nano-delivery, have been explored to improve bioavailability.

Safety and regulation: as a dietary constituent, apigenin is generally considered safe at typical intake levels. High-dose use as a supplement lacks robust clinical evidence and may interact with drug-metabolizing enzymes, potentially affecting the pharmacokinetics of other medicines. It is not approved as a drug for any indication.

Research status: most evidence comes from in vitro and animal studies; clinical data are limited and inconclusive. Further human trials are required to establish efficacy and safety for specific indications.