anthrax

Anthrax is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, a gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium. It primarily affects herbivores but can infect humans through contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products. The bacterium forms durable spores that can persist in soil for years, enabling sporadic outbreaks in animals and occasional human cases.

In humans, anthrax can present in three main forms: cutaneous, inhalational, and gastrointestinal. Cutaneous anthrax, the most common form, begins with a raised itchy bump that develops into a painless ulcer with a characteristic black eschar. Inhalational anthrax results from inhaling spores and may resemble flu early, but can progress to severe respiratory failure. Gastrointestinal anthrax follows ingestion of contaminated meat and causes abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. All forms require medical evaluation.

Diagnosis is based on clinical suspicion and laboratory testing, including culture, PCR, and serology. Treatment depends on the form and timing; reputable guidelines favor early antibiotic therapy (such as ciprofloxacin or doxycycline, often with additional agents for inhalational disease) and supportive care. A human vaccine exists for individuals at high risk, such as laboratory workers and military personnel, but is not part of routine childhood vaccination in most countries. Post-exposure prophylaxis may be recommended after suspected exposure.

Prevention in animals through vaccination and proper management reduces incidence. Environmental decontamination may be required in contaminated areas. Bacillus anthracis is a regulated pathogen in many countries, and handling of cultures is restricted to specialized facilities under biosafety guidelines (typically BSL-3 for cultures and spores).