inhalational

Inhalational is an adjective meaning relating to inhalation, the process of taking substances into the body through the lungs. It is used across medical, toxicological, and environmental health contexts. The term derives from Latin inhalare, “to breathe in.”

In medicine, inhalational anesthesia refers to anesthetic agents that are inhaled as vapors or aerosols to induce and maintain anesthesia. Common inhalational anesthetics include volatile agents such as isoflurane, sevoflurane, desflurane, and, historically, halothane, as well as nitrous oxide used as an adjunct. These agents are characterized by rapid onset due to uptake in the pulmonary alveoli and, for many, rapid emergence with minimal hepatic metabolism. Inhalation is also a route for delivering other medications, notably bronchodilators and corticosteroids for respiratory diseases.

In pharmacology and toxicology, inhalational exposure describes the uptake of gases, vapors, or aerosols through the respiratory tract. Acute exposures to chlorine, ammonia, sulfur dioxide, or combustion products can cause airway irritation and systemic effects, while chronic exposure to solvents or particulates can contribute to cardiovascular and pulmonary disease. The outcome depends on the agent, concentration, duration, and host factors, as well as ventilation and protective measures.

Pharmacokinetically, inhaled compounds are absorbed across the alveolar membranes and distributed via the bloodstream; many volatile anesthetics are highly lipid-soluble, promoting rapid brain entry. Elimination is typically by exhalation; metabolism is limited for most volatile agents.