amortisseurs

Amortisseurs, or shock absorbers, are devices that dampen motion in mechanical systems by dissipating energy as heat. In vehicle suspensions they work with springs to control vertical oscillations, improving ride comfort and handling by preventing excessive body motion and keeping tires in contact with the road. The damping action occurs when a piston moves through hydraulic fluid within a cylinder; fluid flow through restricted valves creates a resisting force that rises with speed, converting kinetic energy into heat.

Common types include hydraulic oil-filled dampers, gas-charged variants to reduce cavitation, and configurations such as monotube (one cylinder with a separate gas or oil path) and twin-tube (two cylinders). In performance applications, dampers may be adjustable to modify compression and rebound characteristics. Some advanced systems use magnetorheological or other smart fluids for rapid, controllable damping. Other dampers rely on friction or elastomeric elements for vibration isolation in machinery, rail systems, or buildings.

In automotive use, amortisseurs are typically installed as front struts and rear shocks, often paired with springs to form a complete suspension. They are generally replaced in pairs to maintain balance and handling. Maintenance involves inspecting for oil leaks, corrosion, and worn mounts, and replacing worn units when ride quality deteriorates, ride height changes, or the vehicle bottoms excessively.

Beyond vehicles, dampers play a role in civil engineering and architecture as tuned mass dampers or seismic dampers, helping to reduce swaying in tall buildings or bridges by absorbing dynamic energy from wind, traffic, or earthquakes.