alz

Alz is an informal abbreviation that may be used to refer to Alzheimer's disease, the most common form of dementia. In formal contexts, the disease is called Alzheimer's disease (AD), or simply Alzheimer's.

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative condition characterized by gradual decline in memory, thinking, and daily functioning. The exact cause is not fully understood, but risk increases with age and is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. The APOE ε4 allele is a known genetic risk factor.

Pathology typically involves extracellular beta-amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles made of tau protein, leading to synaptic dysfunction and neuron loss. These changes are most pronounced in the hippocampus and surrounding cortical regions, correlating with memory and cognitive symptoms.

Symptoms often begin with short-term memory impairment and disorientation, followed by language difficulties, impaired judgment, and changes in behavior or mood. As the disease progresses, individuals may require increasing levels of support for daily activities and become unable to live independently.

Diagnosis relies on clinical assessment, including interviews and cognitive testing, supported by brain imaging (such as MRI or CT) and, in some cases, biomarkers from cerebrospinal fluid or PET imaging. There is no cure, and treatment focuses on managing symptoms and supporting safety and quality of life.

Medications used for symptom relief include cholinesterase inhibitors and, in some cases, memantine. Nonpharmacological approaches, caregiver education, and supportive services are important components of care. Ongoing research seeks earlier detection and disease-modifying therapies, though effective long-term treatments remain under investigation.