adaptor

An adaptor is a device that enables compatibility between two interfaces or systems that would otherwise be incompatible. Adapters can be passive, simply matching connectors or pinouts, or active, performing signal conversion or data translation. The term is widely used across electronics, computing, and hardware design.

Spelling varies by region: adaptor is common in British English, while adapter is often used in American English; both refer to the same concept.

Electrical and power adaptors include travel adapters, which allow a device with one plug type to fit into outlets of another region. Many travel adapters are passive, not converting voltage, while power adapters or chargers actively convert electrical power to levels suitable for a device, typically converting high-voltage alternating current to the device’s required direct current and wattage.

Signal and data adaptors facilitate interoperability between different interfaces. Examples include HDMI-to-VGA adapters, USB-C-to-USB-A adapters, SATA-to-USB converters, and various form-factor adapters used to connect legacy peripherals to modern hardware. Network adaptors, such as Ethernet adapters and wireless dongles, enable devices to join networks and access communication channels. In audio and video setups, optical, coaxial, or other interface adaptors help route signals between components.

In software engineering, the adaptor (or adapter) pattern wraps an existing class with an incompatible interface to make it usable within a different context, enabling components to work together without altering their code.

Design and safety considerations include ensuring correct voltage, current, impedance, and regulatory certification; improper use can cause equipment damage or hazards. Users should select adaptors matched to the application, standards, and safety requirements of the devices involved.