abstração

Abstração is a fundamental concept with applications across various fields, including philosophy, mathematics, computer science, and art. It refers to the process of identifying and separating essential qualities or characteristics of an object, idea, or phenomenon from its specific or incidental details. This allows for the creation of generalized concepts or models that can represent a class of similar things.

In philosophy, abstraction is often associated with understanding universals or general concepts. For example, the concept of "dog" is an abstraction derived from observing many individual dogs and identifying their common traits, such as having four legs, a tail, and barking, while disregarding specific breeds, colors, or sizes.

Mathematics heavily relies on abstraction. Numbers themselves, like "three," are abstractions that represent the quantity of any group of three items, whether they are apples, chairs, or abstract units. Mathematical theorems and proofs often deal with abstract structures and relationships that apply to an infinite number of specific instances.

Computer science uses abstraction to manage complexity. Software is built through layers of abstraction, where lower-level details are hidden from the user or programmer. For instance, a programmer using a high-level programming language doesn't need to understand the intricate workings of the computer's hardware. Similarly, graphical user interfaces abstract away complex command-line operations.

In art, abstraction involves representing subjects in a non-representational way, focusing on form, color, and composition rather than depicting recognizable objects. Abstract art explores ideas and emotions through visual language that is not tied to the literal representation of the external world. The process of abstraction enables simplification, generalization, and the identification of underlying patterns and structures.