Zystizerkose

Zystizerkose, also known as cysticercosis, is an infection caused by the larval stage (cysticerci) of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium. Humans become accidental intermediate hosts after ingesting eggs shed in the feces of a person with intestinal taeniasis. Following ingestion, oncospheres hatch, penetrate the intestinal wall, and disseminate to tissues where cysticerci develop, most often in skeletal muscle, subcutaneous tissue, eyes, or the central nervous system.

Clinical features vary by location and stage. Neurocysticercosis is the most clinically significant form and a leading cause of acquired epilepsy in endemic regions. Symptoms depend on cyst location and inflammatory response and can include seizures, headaches, focal neurologic deficits, hydrocephalus, and meningitis. Ocular cysticercosis can threaten vision, while subcutaneous cysts are often palpable nodules.

Diagnosis combines imaging and laboratory studies. Neuroimaging with CT or MRI can reveal cysts, scolex visualization, or calcifications. Serologic tests (such as antibody-based assays) support the diagnosis, and stool examination can detect taeniasis in the definitive host. CSF analysis may aid in specific cases of neurocysticercosis.

Treatment is tailored to location and stage. Neurocysticercosis may require antiparasitic therapy (albendazole or praziquantel) with anti-inflammatory treatment (corticosteroids) and appropriate seizure management. Surgical intervention may be necessary for hydrocephalus, intracranial mass effect, or ocular cysticercosis; calcified lesions generally do not require antiparasitic therapy.

Prevention focuses on interrupting transmission: treating taeniasis in humans, improving sanitation, health education, proper cooking of pork, and meat inspection in endemic areas.