antibodybased

Antibody-based approaches refer to strategies that use antibodies or antibody-derived components to recognize specific antigens. Antibodies are immunoglobulin proteins produced by B cells that bind with high specificity and affinity. In research and diagnostics they serve as reagents in assays such as ELISA, Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry. In therapy, antibody-based strategies include monoclonal antibodies designed to bind disease-associated targets.

Therapeutic antibodies can neutralize pathogens or block receptor signaling, and they can recruit immune effector functions such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) or complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). They may also be used as delivery vehicles for cytotoxic or other therapeutic payloads through antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs).

Antibody-based therapies include monoclonal antibodies, which are engineered to improve specificity and pharmacokinetics. In addition to full-size antibodies, engineered formats such as bispecific antibodies (which can engage two targets or cells) and antibody fragments (Fab, single-chain variable fragments, and nanobodies) broaden functional possibilities and tissue penetration. Approved bispecifics have been used to recruit T cells to tumor cells, while ADCs pair antibodies with cytotoxic drugs to increase targeted killing.

Production is predominantly via recombinant expression in mammalian cell culture, with humanization or fully human designs to reduce immunogenicity. Antibody-based tools also underpin diagnostics, enabling disease detection and monitoring. Challenges include manufacturing complexity, cost, potential immunogenicity, and the development of resistance. Ongoing research aims to improve efficacy, safety, and accessibility through novel formats, combination therapies, and alternative delivery methods.