Zawrót

Zawrót is a Polish term that refers to a sudden sensation of dizziness or vertigo, often described as the surroundings spinning or as a feeling of faintness. In clinical contexts it is commonly used as shorthand for zawrót głowy. The word denotes a symptom rather than a disease, and its presentation can vary in duration and intensity.

Typical symptoms accompanying zawrót include a spinning or swaying sensation, unsteadiness, lightheadedness, nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, and a feeling of being off-balance. The symptom can last from a few seconds to several hours. It may occur alone or alongside headaches, hearing changes, or neurological signs.

Causes of zawrót are diverse. Common etiologies include benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), inner ear infections such as labyrinthitis, Ménière’s disease, and other vestibular disorders; circulatory factors such as dehydration or orthostatic hypotension; side effects of medications; neurological conditions; and anxiety or panic attacks. Less commonly, seizures or cerebrovascular problems can present with similar symptoms.

Diagnosis relies on medical history and targeted examination. The Dix-Hallpike maneuver is used to diagnose BPPV. The Romberg test, gait assessment, and vestibular testing may help identify vestibular disorders. When red flags are present, imaging studies or specialist referral may be needed to exclude stroke or other serious conditions.

Treatment focuses on the underlying cause. For BPPV, particle repositioning maneuvers such as the Epley or Semont procedures are effective. Hydration, gradual position changes, and adjustments to medications may help other causes. Vestibular rehabilitation therapy can aid recovery after acute episodes. Preventive strategies include fall prevention and addressing risk factors such as dehydration or anemia.

Most episodes are self-limited or manageable with appropriate treatment, though some conditions may recur. The term zawrót remains a common but nonspecific symptom in clinical practice, requiring careful evaluation to exclude dangerous etiologies. See also vertigo, dizziness, orthostatic hypotension, and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.