Yttrandefriheten

Yttrandefriheten, literally freedom of expression, is a core principle in Sweden that protects the right to seek, receive and impart information and opinions. It covers a broad range of communication, from spoken words to published material and electronic media, and underpins democratic discourse and accountability.

The legal framework rests on two constitutional laws: Tryckfrihetsförordningen (Freedom of the Press Act) and Yttrandefrihetsgrundlagen (Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression). The former protects printed matter and the right of access to public documents, while the latter extends protection to electronic media, including radio, television, and online platforms. Together they establish both the broad protection of expression and the principle of public access to information (offentlighetsprincipen), which requires authorities to disclose government records under certain conditions.

Scope and limitations: Yttrandefriheten guarantees individuals and media the right to express and publish opinions freely, contributing to public debate. However, there are statutory limits to protect other important interests. Criminal laws prohibit hate speech (hets mot folkgrupp), incitement to violence, and threats, as well as defamation and privacy violations. Other restrictions relate to copyright, national security, and protection of minors. Restrictions are generally regulated by law and subject to judicial review; there is no broad system of prior censorship, but post-publication accountability can apply.

Enforcement and practice: Courts adjudicate freedom-of-expression cases, balancing the right with legitimate interests. Oversight and complaints are often channeled through authorities such as the Chancellor of Justice and, in media matters, through self-regulatory bodies like the Press Ombudsman. Sweden’s approach aligns with its obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights, particularly Article 10.

Historical note: Sweden has a long tradition of press freedom, dating to early modern laws, and the current dual-structure of TF and YGL codifies modern protection across print and electronic media.