WAF

Web application firewall (WAF) is a security device or service designed to monitor, filter, and block HTTP/S traffic to and from a web application. Unlike network firewalls, which operate at lower layers, a WAF focuses on the application layer and can understand HTTP requests, headers, cookies, and payloads. It is intended to protect against web-specific exploits such as SQL injection, cross-site scripting, cross-site request forgery, and other OWASP Top 10 risks, by applying a set of rules to incoming and sometimes outgoing traffic.

WAFs can be deployed as inline reverse proxies, transparent probes, or cloud-based services integrated with content delivery networks. A typical WAF inspects each request, matches it against rule sets, and then allows, blocks, or modifies traffic. It may perform TLS termination for inspection and can enforce rate limits and bot protection.

Key features include signature-based protection, anomaly detection, bot mitigation, API protection, virtual patching, TLS offloading, and extensive logging. WAF rule sets may be customized to suit an application’s specific risk profile and compliance requirements, and many products support automated updates and integration with security information and event management systems.

Operational considerations include rule maintenance, potential latency, and the risk of false positives or negatives. Effective deployment often requires tuning, testing, and ongoing monitoring. Common deployment options include cloud services (SaaS), on-premises appliances or software, and hybrid setups. A WAF is not a substitute for secure coding but a complement to other security controls.

Examples include AWS WAF, Cloudflare WAF, Imperva, Akamai, F5 BIG-IP ASM, and Barracuda.