Varroa

Varroa is a genus of small parasitic mites in the family Varroidae. The best known member, Varroa destructor, is a serious external parasite of honey bees, primarily the Western honey bee (Apis mellifera) and the Eastern honey bee (Apis cerana). A second species, Varroa jacobsoni, was historically conflated with destructor, but is now treated as a distinct species; both reproduce and feed on honey bees and are considered major pests in apiculture.

Biology and life cycle

Varroa mites are phoretic on adult bees and reproduce inside brood cells. After a female enters a recently capped brood cell, she lays eggs that develop into male and female offspring. The offspring mature within the cell and, when the bee emerges, the next generation of mites disperses to new hosts. Mites feed on bee hemolymph and can weaken developing bees, reducing lifespan and colony performance. They also act as vectors for several viruses, most notably deformed wing virus (DWV), which exacerbates colony decline.

Host range and distribution

Varroa destructor has spread from its original range in Asia to virtually global honey bee populations, largely through international trade of bees and colonies. It predominantly affects Apis mellifera but can also parasitize other Apis species. Varroa infestations are a key factor in global shifts in beekeeping management and pollination services.

Management and control

Control relies on regular monitoring of mite loads and an integrated pest management approach. Methods include chemical treatments (various synthetic and organic acaricides), oxalic and formic acid applications, and mechanical or biotechnical strategies. Breeding for Varroa-resistant bees and hygienic traits is increasingly pursued. Resistance to treatments and the mites’ rapid reproduction complicate control efforts, making ongoing management essential for colony health.