Varroidae

Varroidae is a family of acariform mites. This family currently contains only one recognized genus, Varroa. Within this genus, the most well-known and economically significant species is Varroa destructor. This mite is an obligate ectoparasite of honey bees, specifically Apis mellifera and Apis cerana. The Varroa mite is considered one of the most serious threats to honey bee health worldwide.

The life cycle of the Varroa mite involves both phoretic and reproductive stages. Adult female mites attach to adult bees for a phoretic phase, feeding on fat bodies. They then move to a developing brood cell, typically a drone cell, to reproduce. The mite lays eggs within the capped cell, and the developing bee larva is fed upon by the juvenile mites. This feeding weakens the developing bee and can transmit viruses. Once the adult bee emerges, the phoretic cycle can begin anew.

Infestations of Varroa mites can lead to significant damage to honey bee colonies. This damage includes reduced lifespan of adult bees, weakened immune systems, and the transmission of various debilitating viruses. Severe infestations can ultimately lead to colony collapse. Beekeepers employ various methods to monitor and control Varroa mite populations, including chemical treatments, organic acids, essential oils, and integrated pest management strategies. Understanding the biology and impact of Varroa mites is crucial for maintaining healthy bee populations.