bee

Bees are flying insects in the superfamily Apoidea (Hymenoptera). They number more than 20,000 described species; most are solitary, but some live in eusocial colonies such as honey bees (Apis mellifera) and bumblebees (Bombus spp.).

Bees collect nectar for energy and pollen for protein, and they pollinate many wild plants and crops.

Life cycle and social structure: bees undergo complete metamorphosis—egg, larva, pupa, adult. Females have ovaries; males develop from unfertilized eggs. In eusocial species, colonies have a queen, workers, and drones; workers perform tasks and care for brood.

Communication and behavior: bees navigate by the sun and landmarks. Honeybees use the waggle dance to convey distance and direction to resources, and pheromones regulate colony activities.

Ecology and relevance: many bees nest in hollow stems, wood, or the ground. They are essential pollinators for ecosystems and agriculture. Threats include habitat loss, pesticides, and parasites such as Varroa destructor. Conservation emphasizes floral diversity, reduced pesticide use, and responsible beekeeping. Beekeeping provides honey and wax and supports crop pollination.