pollinate

Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the male reproductive organ of a plant (the anther) to the female organ (the stigma) of a flower. It is a prerequisite for fertilization in many flowering plants, though fertilization itself occurs only after the pollen grain germinates and a pollen tube delivers sperm cells to the ovule.

Pollination occurs through abiotic means—primarily wind (anemophily) or water (hydrophily)—and through biotic agents, such as insects, birds, bats, and other animals. Floral traits, including color, scent, nectar production, and pollen characteristics, are often adapted to attract specific pollinators, a concept described by pollination syndromes. Plants may rely on self-pollination or cross-pollination; cross-pollination typically increases genetic diversity.

The process involves pollen released from anthers being transferred to a compatible stigma, either by a pollinator or by wind or water. If compatible, the pollen grain germinates on the stigma, grows a pollen tube through the style, and delivers sperm to the ovule, leading to fertilization and seed development.

Significance: Pollination is essential for the reproductive success of many crops and numerous wild plant species. It influences biodiversity, ecosystem resilience, and food production. Declines in pollinator populations due to habitat loss, pesticides, and climate change pose risks to yields and natural ecosystems.