Tõlkimise

Tõlkimine, or translation, is the process of converting written text from a source language into a target language, so that the original meaning, intent, and stylistic features are preserved as much as possible. It differs from interpreting, which converts spoken language in real time.

Translation encompasses various domains, including literary translation, technical translation, legal and medical translation, audiovisual translation (subtitling and dubbing), and localization for software and websites. It can be done by humans, by machines with post-editing, or by a combination of both.

The typical translation process includes text analysis, creating a transfer plan, drafting a target-language version, and revision and proofreading. Translators often use reference materials such as glossaries, style guides, and translation memories (CAT tools) to ensure consistency. Quality assurance may involve peer review and client feedback.

Key challenges include linguistic and cultural differences, idioms, humor, and tone; terminology consistency; and preserving authorial voice while meeting target-audience expectations. Ethical considerations cover fidelity to the source, transparency about machine assistance, authorship, and copyright compliance.

Historically, translation has facilitated cross-cultural exchange from ancient times to the present. In Estonian language and literature, translation has contributed to language development and access to global works, while also shaping Estonian writing style and terminology.