Tractors

A tractor is an engineering vehicle designed primarily for field operations and to power implements through a power take-off (PTO) shaft or hydraulic systems. It provides high torque at low speeds and is typically powered by an internal combustion engine, most commonly diesel.

The invention and development of tractors transformed agriculture in the 19th and early 20th centuries, evolving from steam-powered traction engines to gasoline and diesel models. Early mass-produced tractors included Fordson in the 1910s and John Deere's early models; modern tractors incorporate ergonomics, safety features, and advanced hydraulics.

Tractors are built in various configurations. Wheeled tractors emphasize mobility and fuel efficiency, while track-type tractors offer higher traction on soft soils. Power ranges vary from compact utility tractors for gardens to large specialized row-crop and industrial tractors used on farms and in construction.

Key technologies include the three-point hitch system, which allows implements to lift and lower, and the power take-off (PTO) for powering implements; hydraulic systems, electronic controls, GPS-based precision farming, and automation.

Common uses include plowing, planting, cultivating, and harvesting in agriculture, as well as earthmoving, material handling, and landscaping in construction and forestry. Major manufacturers include John Deere, Massey Ferguson, New Holland, Case IH, Kubota, CLAAS, and Deutz-Fahr.

Safety concerns focus on rollover protection and operator training; modern tractors often include ROPS structures and seat belts. Environmental trends include emissions standards, fuel efficiency, and increasing adoption of electric and hybrid models and precision farming technologies.