Torovirinae

Torovirinae is a subfamily of viruses within the family Picornaviridae. This subfamily includes several genera, each containing viruses that share similar structural and genetic characteristics. Torovirinae viruses are small, non-enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses with a positive polarity. They are known for their ability to infect a wide range of hosts, including humans, animals, and plants.

The subfamily is named after the genus Torovirus, which was the first to be discovered within this group. Toroviruses are notable for their role in causing diseases in various animals, particularly in livestock. For example, the genus Torovirus includes the Torque Teno Virus (TTV), which has been associated with various health issues in cattle.

Another significant genus within Torovirinae is the Hepatovirus genus, which includes the Hepatitis E virus (HEV). HEV is a major cause of viral hepatitis in humans, particularly in regions with poor sanitation and hygiene. It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route and can lead to acute hepatitis, which can be severe in pregnant women and individuals with compromised immune systems.

Torovirinae viruses are characterized by their icosahedral capsid structure and a genome that typically encodes a single polyprotein. This polyprotein is subsequently cleaved into functional proteins by viral and host proteases. The replication of Torovirinae viruses occurs in the cytoplasm of infected cells, and they do not integrate their genomes into the host's DNA.

In summary, Torovirinae is a diverse subfamily of viruses that includes pathogens capable of causing significant health issues in both animals and humans. Ongoing research continues to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of these viruses and their potential for therapeutic intervention.