Torovirus

Torovirus is a genus of viruses within the family Tobaniviridae. These viruses are known to infect various vertebrate hosts, including cattle and horses. The name "torovirus" is derived from the Latin word "torvus," meaning fierce or savage, possibly alluding to the severe symptoms observed in some infected animals.

Toroviruses are characterized by their pleomorphic, roughly spherical virions, which are enveloped and contain a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome. The genome is segmented, typically consisting of two large open reading frames that encode for structural and non-structural proteins. Replication of the torovirus genome occurs in the cytoplasm of host cells.

Infections with toroviruses can cause enteric disease, meaning they affect the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms in cattle may include diarrhea, reduced appetite, and lethargy, particularly in young calves. In horses, torovirus has been associated with respiratory and enteric signs. Diagnosis often relies on molecular methods like RT-PCR or serological assays to detect antibodies.

While toroviruses are recognized pathogens, their economic impact and public health significance are generally considered less significant compared to other viral pathogens affecting livestock. Research into toroviruses continues to explore their pathogenesis, epidemiology, and potential for vaccine development. The genus currently includes species such as Breda virus, which is a well-known torovirus affecting cattle.