polarity

Polarity is the property of having two contrasting or opposite ends, sides, or aspects in a system. It is used across disciplines to describe directional or qualitative differences in charge, magnetism, chemistry, and materials science.

In chemistry, polarity arises from differences in electronegativity between bonded atoms, producing polar covalent bonds and partial charges. A polar molecule has a net dipole moment due to its asymmetric geometry, while nonpolar molecules have no net dipole. Water is highly polar and forms hydrogen bonds, influencing solubility and reactivity. Molecules with polar bonds may be soluble in polar solvents; symmetry can nullify polarity even with polar bonds (e.g., CO2). Polarizability and dipole moments are used to predict interactions and boiling/melting points, solvent effects.

In physics and electronics, electrical polarity refers to the separation of positive and negative charges, creating a dipole moment. External fields can reorient polarity. Magnetic polarity derives from the arrangement of magnetic moments; magnets have north and south poles, whose orientation defines polarity. Earth’s field has reversed polarity in the past. Polarity is central to sensors, data storage, and readouts.

Polarization of dielectrics is the alignment of molecular dipoles in an electric field, affecting capacitance. Electronic components show polarity requirements: diodes conduct in one direction; electrolytic capacitors have positive and negative leads, and improper polarity can fail.