electrolytic

Electrolytic is an adjective used in chemistry and electronics to describe phenomena related to electrolysis or to electrolytes. In chemistry, an electrolytic process uses electrical energy to drive a non-spontaneous redox reaction within an electrolyte, typically a solution or molten salt, across two electrodes. An external power source forces current through the cell; the anode is the positive electrode where oxidation occurs, and the cathode is the negative electrode where reduction occurs, opposite to the arrangement in galvanic (voltaic) cells.

Common applications include electroplating, electrorefining, and the production of reactive chemicals via electrolysis, such as chlorine and sodium hydroxide by the chlor-alkali process, or hydrogen and oxygen from water. In practice, electrode materials and electrolyte composition are chosen to optimize efficiency, selectivity, and product separation, and reactions can evolve gases at the electrodes or form solid deposits.

In electronics, electrolytic capacitors use a liquid or solid electrolyte and a dielectric oxide layer formed on a metal anode to achieve high capacitance per unit volume. They are polarized and typically exhibit higher leakage currents and temperature sensitivity than many other capacitor types. Aluminum and tantalum electrolytics are common, and their performance depends on electrolyte chemistry, voltage ratings, and operating temperature.

Industrial significance and safety: electrolytic processes underpin metal finishing, chemical synthesis, and energy storage technologies. They often involve corrosive electrolytes, gas evolution, or high currents, requiring appropriate containment, ventilation, and material compatible equipment.