Thromboembolische

Thromboembolische describes conditions related to thromboembolism, the process in which a blood clot forms in one location and part of it breaks loose to travel through the bloodstream and block distant vessels. It combines thrombosis (clot formation) and embolism (arterial or venous obstruction by a traveling clot or other material). Thromboembolism can affect veins, arteries, or both, leading to a range of clinical events.

Venous thromboembolism is among the most common forms and includes deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). Arterial thromboembolism can cause acute limb ischemia, myocardial infarction, or ischemic stroke, often resulting from clot formation in the heart or large arteries or from emboli that originate elsewhere. The underlying pathophysiology is influenced by Virchow's triad: endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow (stasis or turbulence), and hypercoagulability.

Risk factors are wide-ranging and include recent surgery, immobilization, cancer, obesity, hormonal therapies, pregnancy, inherited or acquired clotting disorders, older age, and inflammatory conditions. Symptoms vary by affected vessel: DVT may present with leg swelling and pain; PE with chest pain and shortness of breath; arterial embolism with sudden pain or neurological or limb deficits.

Diagnosis relies on clinical assessment supported by tests such as D-dimer, compression ultrasound for DVT, and CT pulmonary angiography or ventilation-perfusion scanning for PE. Imaging and laboratory data help identify arterial emboli and potential sources, such as atrial fibrillation or heart valve disease.

Treatment generally starts with anticoagulation (such as low-molecular-weight heparin or direct oral anticoagulants). More extensive thrombosis or unstable cases may require thrombolysis or surgical intervention, while filters may be used when anticoagulation is contraindicated. Prevention focuses on risk factor modification and pharmacologic or mechanical prophylaxis in high-risk settings.