Theosophy

Theosophy is a philosophical and religious movement that originated in the late 19th century, seeking to synthesize science, religion, and philosophy through the study of what its adherents call the Ancient Wisdom, a universal spiritual tradition believed to underlie all religions.

It began with the Theosophical Society, founded in 1875 in New York by Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, Henry Steel Olcott, and William Quan Judge. The society promoted the investigation of the unexplained laws of nature and of humanity's latent powers, and the study of comparative religion, philosophy, and science. Its motto is "There is no religion higher than truth." Over time the movement split into several organizations, the largest being the Theosophical Society Adyar (headquartered in India) and the American Theosophical Society.

Core beliefs include the universal brotherhood of humanity without distinction of race, creed, sex, caste, or color; the existence of an ancient, perennial wisdom underlying all religions; the idea that humanity progresses through spiritual evolution aided by hidden spiritual teachers, often referred to as the Masters or Mahatmas; and the doctrines of karma and reincarnation. Theosophical study emphasizes the investigation of religion, philosophy, and science to reveal underlying unity.

Influence and legacy: Theosophy has had a substantial impact on Western esotericism, occult movements, and some strands of modern spirituality and New Age thought. It produced notable writings such as Blavatsky's Isis Unveiled (1877) and The Secret Doctrine (1888), and helped foster the work of leaders like Annie Besant and C. W. Leadbeater. It has continued through journals such as The Theosophist, Path, and Lucifer.

Reception: The movement remains controversial; adherents present it as a philosophical-religious synthesis, while critics describe it as occultist or fringe. It endures through numerous lodges and study groups worldwide.