Tetraonidae

Tetraonidae is a small family of birds within the order Galliformes, comprising the birds commonly known as grouse and ptarmigans. The group is native to the Northern Hemisphere, with most species inhabiting boreal forests, alpine regions, or tundra across North America, Europe, and Asia. In some classifications, Tetraonidae is treated as a subfamily Tetraoninae within Phasianidae; others recognize it as a separate family within Galliformes.

Members are medium to large, stocky ground-dwelling birds with stout legs and short wings. Ptarmigans (Lagopus and related genera) have feathered feet and seasonal plumage that camouflages against snow in winter; many other grouse have brown or gray cryptic plumage. Diet is primarily plant matter, including buds, leaves, and shoots; chicks may require insects during early development.

Behaviorally, they are usually terrestrial and nest on the ground. Males often establish territories and perform elaborate displays to attract females; some species exhibit lek-like gatherings, while others court on traditional display grounds. Females incubate eggs and brood the young; chicks are precocial and lead their mothers to food.

Conservation: habitat loss, overhunting, and climate change threaten several species, particularly high-elevation or tundra specialists. Management typically emphasizes habitat protection and regulated hunting to maintain sustainable populations.