Tetrao

Tetrao is a genus of large, ground-dwelling birds in the grouse subfamily Tetraoninae within the family Phasianidae. They are native to Europe and Asia, occupying boreal and temperate forests, forest edges, and nearby open areas. The genus has undergone taxonomic revisions; in some classifications the capercaillie and black grouse are placed in a separate genus such as Lyrurus, while others retain them in Tetrao or treat them in alternative arrangements. This has led to varying species assignments across references.

Members of Tetrao are among the largest grouse. Males are typically larger than females and perform prominent courtship displays during the breeding season, including tail fanning, wing clapping, and distinctive vocalizations to attract females. Females are smaller and cryptically colored, providing camouflage while nesting and rearing young.

Ecology and behavior are centered on forest habitats where birds spend much of the year on the ground. They are generally shy and elusive, forming small groups outside the breeding season. Diet is varied and mainly plant-based, including buds, shoots, leaves, berries, and seeds; insects supplement the diet for growing chicks.

Reproduction occurs in spring. Nests are built on the ground in vegetation, and eggs are incubated by the female. Chicks are precocial and leave the nest soon after hatching. Clutch size and specific breeding biology vary by species within the genus.

Conservation status is regionally mixed; several populations have declined due to habitat loss, fragmentation, and hunting. Protection and monitoring programs exist in parts of their range to support remaining populations.