Teismai

Teismai are institutions of the judiciary that interpret and apply laws, settle disputes, and oversee the enforcement of court decisions. They operate independently from the legislative and executive branches and are bound by constitutional guarantees of due process and equal treatment.

Functions and scope: They resolve civil disputes, adjudicate criminal cases, and oversee administrative matters such as regulatory decisions and public rights. They interpret statutory provisions and protect constitutional rights through appeal and review mechanisms. They also enforce decisions through various executive agencies.

Structure: Most legal systems organize teismai in levels, typically including trial courts that hear cases in the first instance, appellate or higher courts that review decisions, and a supreme or highest court serving as the final appellate authority. Special or constitutional courts may exist to rule on questions of constitutional law.

Procedures: Court proceedings are generally based on written submissions and oral hearings, with rules governing evidence, admissibility, and procedural timetables. Decisions are typically issued in written judgments that include reasoning. Access to courts is supported by procedural rights, public proceedings, and, where available, legal aid or representation.

Appointment and independence: Judges are usually appointed or confirmed by an independent body or authority and hold tenure with guarantees against arbitrary removal, subject to disciplinary rules and ethical standards.

History and development: The modern concept of teismai emerged from codified legal systems and developed toward greater procedural transparency and judicial independence, often expanding access to justice and utilizing formal structures for appeals and enforcement.