Stepwells

Stepwells, also known as baoli or vaav, are a type of water storage and access structure built as wells reached by a long, descending set of steps. They are most common in the Indian subcontinent, especially in western India, where they were developed to collect and provide year-round water in arid or semi-arid regions. Stepwells combine functional water management with architectural and artistic design, and many are notable for their intricate carvings and multi-storied layouts.

Historically, stepwells were constructed from ancient through medieval times, with major development in Gujarat and Rajasthan. They served multiple purposes: storing groundwater, supplying water during dry seasons, cooling through shaded corridors, and providing social and ceremonial spaces. Their architecture often includes symmetrical staircases on several sides, a central or enclosed water tank, pillared pavilions, and richly carved sculptures that reflect religious and cultural motifs of the period.

Architectural form varies, but typical features include long flights of steps, colonnaded galleries, and pavilions that allow access to the water at different levels. Materials commonly used include sandstone and other locally available stones. Some wells are square or rectangular in plan, while others are more irregular. Famous examples include Chand Baori in Abhaneri, Rajasthan, renowned for its depth and geometric precision; Adalaj Stepwell near Ahmedabad, Gujarat, celebrated for its elaborate carved chambers; and Rani ki vav in Patan, Gujarat, a UNESCO World Heritage Site known for its ornate stepwell and sculptural detailing.

Today, stepwells are valued for their historical, architectural, and hydrological significance. Many have been restored and protected as cultural heritage sites, while others remain as archaeological relics or functional water sources in rural communities.