Sociopathy

Sociopathy is a lay term used to describe patterns of antisocial, exploitative, and often manipulative behavior. In clinical contexts, it overlaps with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) as defined in DSM-5, but the term "sociopathy" is not a formal diagnosis. Some writers use it to emphasize environmental factors in development, in contrast to “psychopathy,” which is linked more to affective deficits and interpersonal charm. Both concepts fall within the broader antisocial spectrum.

Core features commonly associated with sociopathy include a persistent disregard for the rights of others, deceitfulness, impulsivity, irritability or aggression, reckless disregard for safety, consistent irresponsibility, and a lack of remorse or guilt. Individuals may form shallow relationships and display superficial charm.

Sociopathy is distinguished from psychopathy partly by the emphasis on behavior and tendencies over affective density. Psychopathy is often assessed with specialized instruments (eg, PCL-R) and includes traits such as glibness, grandiosity, and manipulativeness, which are not required for ASPD. DSM-5 ASPD requires a pattern of disregard for rights since age 15, with evidence of conduct disorder before 15.

Causes are believed to be multifactorial, involving genetic predispositions, neurobiological factors, and adverse early-life experiences such as abuse, neglect, or inconsistent parenting. Prevalence estimates for ASPD in the general population are around 0.2–3%, more common in men and higher in incarcerated samples.

Treatment focuses on managing behavior and comorbid conditions; there is no cure. Psychotherapy and substance-use treatments may help some individuals, but treatment outcomes are variable, and motivation is a major determinant.