Smelteværk

Smelteværk is the Danish term for a metal-smelting works, a facility where metals are produced from their ores by smelting. In a smelteværk ore is heated to high temperatures, often with reducing agents such as carbon, and fluxes to separate the metal from impurities. The process typically yields a liquid or spongy metal and a slag byproduct, which may be further refined or processed in subsequent steps. The word covers both integrated plants that handle ore processing, smelting, and refining and separate facilities dedicated to a specific metal.

Smelting technologies at smelteværk vary by metal and scale. Iron and steel production commonly relies on blast furnaces or basic oxygen converters within an integrated plant. Non-ferrous smelting uses reverberatory furnaces, flash smelting, or electric furnaces to extract metals such as copper, zinc, lead, or nickel. Aluminum smelting is often performed by electrolysis (the Hall-Héroult process) at large smelters, while other metals may be produced in different high-temperature smelting configurations. Byproducts include slag, gases, and dusts, which require handling and environmental controls.

Historically, smelteværk have played a central role in industrial development, enabling large-scale extraction of metals from ores. Today, they are energy-intensive facilities that may be integrated with mining, concentration, and refining operations. Environmental considerations, such as emissions, slag management, and energy efficiency, are major concerns in modern smelting operations, driving the adoption of cleaner technologies and regulatory standards.