Sittidae

Sittidae is a small family of passerine birds commonly known as nuthatches. It contains a single genus, Sitta, with about 28 species. Nuthatches are compact, medium-small birds with short tails, strong pointed bills, and strong legs. They are noted for their ability to climb trees headfirst, often scrutinizing bark for insects and seeds.

Distribution and habitat: Nuthatches are found across the temperate and boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere, including Europe, Asia, and North America. They inhabit a variety of woodlands and forests, from deciduous and coniferous stands to urban parks with mature trees.

Ecology and behavior: They forage by moving along trunks and branches, sometimes descending headfirst while probing bark crevices for insects, spiders, and larvae. They also eat seeds and nuts, and are known to cache food in bark or crevices for later retrieval. Nuthatches are generally territorial, often forming pair bonds that persist across seasons. Vocalizations include short, high-pitched notes and a range of monotonous, repetitive calls that vary among species.

Reproduction: Nuthatches nest in natural cavities or holes excavated by woodpeckers, or in suitable crevices in trees. The typical clutch size ranges from about 4 to 7 eggs. Both parents participate in incubation and feeding the young, with nestling and fledging periods lasting a couple of weeks, depending on species and conditions.

Taxonomy and relationships: Sittidae is distinct from other small forest birds such as true wrens. The genus Sitta comprises the primary diversity within the family, which is placed among the forest-dwelling passerines of the northern temperate regions.