Samgang

Samgang, written in Korean as 삼강, is a classical Confucian doctrine that outlines three fundamental bonds intended to maintain social and familial order. The term combines 삼 (three) and 강 (bond or guideline). The three relationships are between ruler and subject, between father and son, and between husband and wife. In many East Asian contexts these are referred to as the Three Bonds (삼강) and are often discussed together with the Five Relationships (오륜) as part of a broader moral framework.

In Confucian thought, these bonds establish hierarchical duties and reciprocal obligations: rulers should govern benevolently and subjects owe obedience; fathers should provide care and guidance while sons owe filial piety; husbands should lead with responsibility while wives owe loyalty and support. Interpretations of these duties have varied across times and cultures, and social practices have often reflected broader historical contexts beyond the pure ideal.

In Korea, Samgang was integrated into Neo-Confucian ethics during the Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910) and played a central role in education, governance, and family life. The Three Bonds were taught as a moral foundation from childhood and helped shape expectations for behavior within households, as well as the relationship between the state and its subjects. The concept influenced laws, civil service norms, and social policy, reinforcing a hierarchical social order.

Today, Samgang is studied as a historical expression of Confucian ethics. It is frequently analyzed for its contributions to social stability as well as for its role in promoting patriarchy and social rigidity. Modern discussions place it in the context of cultural heritage, gender equality, and evolving rights.