SSMs

Surface-to-surface missiles (SSMs) are guided missiles designed to be launched from a surface platform to strike targets on land or at sea. They include ballistic missiles, which follow a high- or mid-trajectory after launch, and cruise missiles, which fly a guided path at relatively low altitude. Warheads may be conventional or nuclear, and SSMs serve roles in strategic deterrence as well as tactical battlefield targets.

Launch platforms for SSMs include fixed or mobile land-based launchers and ship-based launchers. Propulsion is typically solid-fuel or liquid-fuel rocket motors for ballistic missiles; cruise missiles are usually powered by jet engines. Guidance systems range from inertial navigation and radio guidance to satellite navigation (such as GPS or GLONASS) and terminal seekers, enabling precision strikes at the target.

SSMs are classified by range and flight profile. Ballistic SSMs rise into space during the boost phase and descend toward the target, while cruise SSMs maintain powered, guided flight along a defined path to the target. In modern arsenals, developments focus on accuracy, survivability, rapid launch readiness, and the ability to operate in contested environments with countermeasures.

International security and nonproliferation regimes regulate many aspects of SSM technology, especially delivery systems capable of carrying weapons of mass destruction. Regimes such as the Missile Technology Control Regime seek to limit proliferation and transfer, while national arms-control frameworks govern deployment, testing, and export controls.

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