liquidfuel

Liquid fuel refers to fuels that are liquid at ambient temperature and pressure and are used to release energy through combustion. Most liquid fuels are derived from hydrocarbons and are refined from crude oil, but others are produced from biomass or produced synthetically. They include gasoline (petrol), diesel, kerosene, and jet fuel, as well as alcohol fuels such as ethanol and methanol, biodiesel, and other blends.

Production and variants: Fossil-derived liquid fuels come from refining crude oil and blending to meet performance standards. Biofuels use biological feedstocks such as corn, sugarcane, vegetable oils, or waste fats; ethanol is produced via fermentation, biodiesel via transesterification. Synthetic liquid fuels may be produced via gasification followed by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis or via power-to-liquids processes, using captured CO2 and hydrogen. Fuel properties such as octane/cetane numbers, energy density, volatility, and sulfur content are controlled to suit engines and standards.

Applications, benefits, and concerns: Liquid fuels power most road vehicles, aircraft, ships, and many forms of heating and electricity generation, due to high energy density and existing infrastructure. They offer convenient storage and liquid handling, but burning them releases carbon dioxide and pollutants; lifecycle emissions vary widely, especially for biofuels. Refining, distribution, and combustion carry environmental and safety risks, including spills, leaks, fire hazards, and air pollution. The role of liquid fuels is a central topic in energy policy as economies seek decarbonization and diversification toward electrification and alternative fuels.