Risiko

Risiko is a concept used to describe the potential for variation in outcomes arising from uncertainty and exposure to loss, harm, or opportunity. In practical use, risk is often understood as the product of the likelihood of an event and the magnitude of its impact. The idea is central to planning, decision making, and governance across many sectors.

Risiko can take many forms. Financial risk includes market, credit, liquidity, and interest-rate risks. Operational risk covers failures in processes, systems, or people. Strategic risk arises from business decisions or external changes that affect an organization’s objectives. Hazard or physical risk refers to events such as accidents or natural disasters. Compliance and reputational risks relate to legal obligations and stakeholder perception.

Effective risk management follows a structured process. Typical steps are risk identification, risk assessment (involving estimates of probability and impact), risk prioritization, and risk treatment, which may involve avoiding, reducing, transferring, or accepting the risk. Monitoring and review ensure that controls remain effective and changes are detected. International standards such as ISO 31000 and the COSO framework provide guiding principles for implementing risk management at organizational levels. Tools and methods include risk matrices, fault tree analysis, failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA), scenario analysis, and quantitative approaches like Monte Carlo simulation.

Organizations often define risk appetite and risk tolerance to describe the level and type of risk they are willing to pursue or endure. Clear governance, accountability, and communication are essential for aligning risk management with strategy and ensuring informed decision making.