Resourceextraction

Resourceextraction, often written as resource extraction in standard usage, is the process of removing natural resources from the Earth or its environment for economic use. It includes minerals and metals such as copper, iron, and gold; fossil fuels like oil, gas, and coal; as well as construction materials, groundwater, and timber. The term covers both non-renewable resources and, in some contexts, renewable resources that are depleted through harvest.

The typical lifecycle begins with exploration, using geological surveys, geophysical methods, and boreholes to assess extent and quality. If viable, extraction proceeds through appropriate methods: open-pit or underground mining for solids; offshore or onshore drilling for liquids and gases; quarrying for aggregates; or water pumping and hydraulic fracturing in some cases. After extraction, ore or resources are processed, refined, or concentrated, and then transported to markets.

Environmental and social impacts are central considerations. Resource extraction can alter landscapes, consume water, generate waste and greenhouse gases, and threaten ecosystems. It may affect local communities through land-use changes, displacement, or occupational risks. Economic effects include job creation, revenue for governments, and sensitivity to commodity price swings. Regulation typically requires environmental impact assessments, licensing, permits, royalties, and safety standards.

Sustainability efforts focus on reducing environmental footprints through reclamation, better tailings management, water and energy efficiency, and recycling. Technological advances, such as automation, remote sensing, and drone and AI monitoring, aim to improve safety and efficiency. Ongoing debates address environmental justice, indigenous rights, and the transition to less impactful practices in mining and extraction industries.