Rappelling

Rappelling, or abseiling, is a controlled descent down a vertical or near-vertical surface using a rope. The descent is performed while attached to a fixed line and managed with friction. It originated in mountaineering and rescue work and is now practiced in climbing, caving, canyoning, and rescue operations. The term rappelling is common in North America; abseiling is used in other regions.

Essential gear includes a harness, a rope anchored at the top, and a descender or friction device attached to the harness. A helmet, gloves, and locking carabiners are standard. Ropes for rappelling are typically static or low-stretch to minimize elongation; dynamic ropes are generally avoided for descents. An anchor system at the top must be secure, and many setups include backup devices or additional lines depending on the risk and environment.

Descent is achieved by feeding rope through the descender to create friction and control speed. Common arrangements include single-rope rappels from a fixed anchor, and longer descents using two ropes or a higher-up base anchor. Equipment ranges from simple figure-eight descenders to assisted-braking devices that help modulate speed. Proper body position, rope management, and gradual speed control are emphasized in training.

Rappelling involves risks such as anchor failure, rope damage, and injury from abrupt deceleration or contact with the surface. Training with qualified instructors, regular equipment checks, and never rappelling alone are advised. Before descent, assess the anchor, rope, and route, test the belay system, and have a plan to arrest a fall or abort if needed.

It is used in mountaineering, rescue operations, caving, and canyoning. Safety, technique, and adherence to local guidelines are central to responsible practice.