Puffinus

Puffinus is a genus of seabirds in the family Procellariidae, order Procellariiformes. They are commonly known as shearwaters and are largely pelagic, coming ashore mainly to breed on remote islands or headlands.

Taxonomy and overview: The genus Puffinus has undergone revisions, with several species previously placed in Puffinus being reassigned to other genera such as Ardenna and Calonectris based on genetic data. Despite these changes, Puffinus remains a widely recognized grouping in many sources, historically including species like the Manx shearwater (Puffinus puffinus) and the short-tailed shearwater (Puffinus tenuirostris).

Description and ecology: Puffinus shearwaters are medium-sized to fairly large seabirds with long wings that support efficient gliding over open ocean. They possess tubular nostrils characteristic of Procellariiformes and feed on fish, squid, and crustaceans, often while following currents or fishing vessels. They are adapted for dynamic soaring and surface patrolling rather than rapid dash-powered flight.

Behavior and reproduction: These birds are highly pelagic for much of the year and form colonial breeding associations on remote islands. Many species nest in burrows or crevices, laying a single egg per breeding season. Both parents typically share incubation and chick-rearing duties. Adults undertake extensive migrations between distant foraging areas and breeding sites.

Distribution and conservation: Puffinus species occur across temperate and subtropical oceans worldwide, with a concentration in the Southern Hemisphere. Population trends vary by species; many face threats from introduced predators on breeding islands, plastic and oil pollution, and bycatch in fisheries. Conservation efforts emphasize predator control, protection of nesting habitats, and bycatch mitigation.