Psychosomatic

Psychosomatic describes the interplay between mind and body in health and illness. The term is used for physical symptoms that are substantially influenced by psychological factors, or for conditions in which mental processes contribute to their onset, severity, or course. It does not mean symptoms are imaginary; rather it emphasizes how emotions, thoughts, stress, and behavior can modulate bodily functioning.

The concept rests on the biopsychosocial model, which sees biological, psychological, and social factors as interdependent. Stress activates neural and hormonal pathways (such as the autonomic nervous system and the HPA axis) that can alter pain perception, inflammation, and organ function. Cognitive appraisals, attention to symptoms, and learned patterns of coping or avoidance can reinforce or worsen symptoms over time.

Common examples include functional or somatic symptom disorders and functional syndromes such as irritable bowel syndrome, fibromyalgia, tension-type headaches, and some chest or pelvic pain without a clear organic cause. Psychological factors may shape symptom focus, healthcare-seeking behavior, and response to treatment. Conversely, chronic physical symptoms can provoke anxiety, depression, or other psychological distress, creating a bidirectional relationship.

Diagnosis typically involves ruling out identifiable medical diseases and assessing psychosocial factors that contribute to symptom experience and disability. Clinicians emphasize clear communication, validation of patient experiences, and a collaborative plan.

Treatment often requires a multidisciplinary approach. Psychotherapies (notably cognitive-behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy), stress management, education about the mind–body connection, and regular follow-up are common. Addressing mood disorders, sleep, physical activity, and sleep hygiene, along with appropriate medical management of comorbid conditions, can improve outcomes.